The Search for an Alternative to Aluminium Based Vaccines

Reported incidences of toxicity due to aluminium based vaccines have always been a concern (Clements, 1996; Clements and Griffiths, 2002; Edleman, 1997). Therefore, there has always been a constant effort to search for alternative adjuvants. Polymeric micro and nanoparticles can act as a delivery vehicle and along with their adjuvanting capabilities may enhance the efficacy of the vaccine (Gregory et al., 2013; Koping-Hoggard et al., 2005; Panyam and Labhasetwar, 2003). Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have been studied as potential adjuvants by many researchers but no considerable success has been achieved in this direction. Moreover, in none of these studies, immunised test animals were exposed to the actual disease causing agent and efficacy of the formulations was demonstrated only by the presence of anti-tetanus antibodies by ELISA (Johansen et al., 2000; Katare and Panda, 2006; Raghuvanshi et al., 2001). Absolute estimation of vaccine efficacy should also be made by expos ing the vaccinated individual to the actual disease causing agent. Furthremore, for a vaccine to be used in pre-clinical or clinical studies, potency testing of vaccine should be undertaken as per WHO and/or pharmocopoeial guidelines for ensuring its efficacy and acceptability (European Pharmacopoeia, 2008; Indian Pharmacopoeia, 2010; World Health Organisation, 1990). In our study, the efficacy of the test formulations was evaluated by ELISA as well as challenge method and synergistic effect ofShow MoreRelatedAlumnium-based Adjuvants Produce Long-lasing Vaccinations1233 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION Aluminium based adjuvants have been used extensively to induce long lasting protective immunity through vaccination and billions of doses have been administered over the years (Lindblad, 2004). But reported incidences of toxicity and side effects of aluminium have raised concerns regarding their safety in childhood vaccines. These effects include minor local reactions such as pain and erythema, a nodule at the site of injection and systemic reactions which may entail fever, malaiseRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pagesany forward-looking statement. Such factors include, but are not limited to, those discussed under ‘Risk factors’ on pages 53 to 57 of this Annual Report. GSK Annual Report 2010 02 GSK at a glance We are one of the world’s leading research-based pharmaceutical and healthcare companies. We are committed to improving the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. How we do it GSK has focused its business on the delivery of three strategic priorities,Read MoreIkea at a Glance26682 Words   |  107 Pagesdevelopment, and we adapt better to a changing world by taking help from others in exploring what the future holds for IKEA and society in general. A three-day â€Å"Future Search† workshop with both internal and external stakeholders was a milestone that gave us invaluable input to our strategic direction for FY10-15 and beyond. Future Search gathered 75 of our co-workers, suppliers, organisations and experts – including WWF, Greenpeace, UNICEF, Save the Children and Oxfam – to examine and challenge theRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesmanagement for business excellence. Sony (A) – a diverse hi-tech multinational responds to change with repeated reorganisations. Arts Council – changes in structure and responsibilities in funding the arts in the UK. Tetra Pak – success throu gh a project-based organisation structure. Fed-Ex – packaging new business models to deliver competitive advantage. Forestry Commission – from forestry management to service provider: the challenge of managing change. Marks Spencer (A) – can new initiatives and new

When Smoke Ran Like Water, And The Book `` Refuge ``

(Rizaldy. Essay. 3.3) Cancer was randomly occurring. â€Å"I see more and more younger and younger patients with newly diagnosed cancer† (Davis ix). Cancer was just a rare occasion. â€Å"One in three American† will hear, at some point, the phrase â€Å"‘you have cancer’† (Davis x). Cancer wasn’t caused by human’s activities. â€Å"Scientific literature [gave] abundant evidence that many pesticides and industrial pollutants and their by-products cause significant numbers of cancers† (Davis x). Cancer was†¦. For many years, the fight for letting cancer be noticeable never really reach to a state where a victory can really be claimed from either site. It takes numerous years being wasted on the debate about the dangerous of cancer, and it takes more years to†¦show more content†¦An 8 on the earthquake magnitude, tells us about the catastrophic event that had happened. And those 42,000 deaths caused by cancer, allowed people to perceive that cancer is not something that requires a further debate on its calamity. Numbers provided us with the crucial information that we couldn’t really imagine otherwise. Terry Williams, on the other hand, instead of focusing on the numbers of the cancer, she focuses on the descriptions of cancer through her all five senses in seeing her mother’s struggle with cancer. She let us feels, the grim hand of cancer that wraps around her mother’s life. To her, cancer has become a â€Å"disease of shame† which encourages people to hide and lies (Williams 93). But, it’s also more than just a disease caused by random mutation, but it was also the rope at which her mother’s life hang on. Perhaps it’s not that she didn’t focus on the statistics and the numbers about cancer, but perhaps it was because the thought of her mother’s suffering alone had her mind occupied. Terry Williams’s poetical tone in explaining about her mother’s fighting with cancer allowed us to understand the effects that cancer had caused to the victim. Cancer, as she believes, doesn’t only affecting her motherâ€℠¢s life but it also affects herself, for â€Å"perhaps the umbilical cord between Mother and [her] has never been cut†Show MoreRelatedDont Lets Go to the Dogs Tonight Discussion Questions5509 Words   |  23 Pagescalled this cement mixing, and we were not allowed to do it(43). This is a great example of how she draws the reader into her world with the sense of taste. Another example of the great detail in which Fuller uses is when the family arrives at the house in the Burma Valley. It looked like Army Barracks, low to the ground and solid with closed-in windows and a blank stare. The yard, littered with flamboyant pods, was big and bald and red. Her vivid descriptions allow for the reader to thoroughly visualizeRead MoreTom Sawyer Chapters 25 - 356853 Words   |  28 Pagestreasures. They talked about Robin Hood who was a criminal that robbed sheriffs, bishops, rich people and kings but never bothered the poor. They discussed about how amazing Robin Hood is, how he would be able to defend himself from bad people even when his hands are tied. So they played Robin Hood all that afternoon, casting a yearning eye every now and then at the haunted house and remarking the possibilities there. As the sun starts its descend, they decided to go home. The next day, shortlyRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagessimple word. At the same time it was the most complicated word to enter any human language. I mean just think about it... You say that word to anyone before the outbreak and what would they think of? They would, think of those horror movies or comic books where, for no reason what so ever, zombies appear all around the globe in an instance. Thats not how it happened for us. There were signs for over two months. Its just that no one took the time to put the pieces together. I kind of did. I knew thereRead MoreWe Must Obey Our Elders17194 Words   |  69 PagesUnited Lies! My E-mail Address is: theking@alltel.net, as in: â€Å"The King at TELL ALL, dot, Network of Truth.† Please Visit the most Beautiful, Enlightening, and Inspiring Website on the Internet, at: www.ThePeacock.com â€Å"O my Son, no one likes to Obey any Person that he or she does not Respect and Love; and therefore, it is Difficult for most People to Obey God: beCause they have not even Met him, let alone Learn whatever he Asks of them.† A Proverb of the Peacock â€Å"O my Daughter, if youRead MoreMario and the Magician18314 Words   |  74 Pagescompetition of a quiet kind should have sprung up further on. Torre di Venerethe tower that gave the town its name is gone long since, one looks for it in vain-is an offshoot of the larger resort, and for some years remained an idyll for the few, a refuge for more unworldly spirits. But the usual history of such places repeated itself: peace has had to retire further along the coast, to Marina Petriera and dear knows where else. We all know how the world at once seeks peace and puts her to flight-rushingRead MoreThe Incredible And Sad Tale Of Innocent Erendira And Her Heartless Grandmother16345 Words   |  40 Pagesbathing her grandmother when the wind of her misfortune began to blow. The enormous mansion of moon like concrete lost in the solitude of the desert trembled down to its foundations with the first attack. But Erendira and her grandmother were used to the risks of the wild nature there, and in the bathroom decorated with a series of peacocks and childish mosaics of Roman baths they scarcely paid any attention to the wind. The grandmother, naked and huge in the marble tub, looked like a handsome white whaleRead MoreMain Aspects of the Holocaust Essay8177 Words   |  33 Pagesthe Holocaust. On most topics I have focused in on one particular event or place (like Auschwitz for the camps or Kristallnacht for the Nazi rise). I did this as I think the Holocaust has to be looked upon on a more personal and individual level to see how bad it was and you cant really do this by simply over viewing a certain topic. I have chosen to cover the main bog standard areas like camps, Ghettos etc. Because, although it is slightly unoriginal, I knew little aboutRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pageswork, a Dictionary of the Ibo language: English-Ibo (1923). This latter work was also largely the responsibility of Dennis, and it is listed under his name in bibliographies, although his name does not appear on the title-page. The preface to this book gives its history as follows: While the Union-Ibo Version of the Bible was being prepared, the Assistant-Translator, Mr T.D. Anyaegbunam, was asked to make a list of new words as they occurred. Many additions were made to the list by the late ArchdeaconRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 Pagesopportunists, sojourners, missionaries, refugees, and even illegal aliens. With the Statue of Liberty greeting Europeans entering Ellis Island, and The Golden Gate Bridge greeting Chinese and other Asians in San Francisco, the U.S. has long since been a refuge of the world, with opportunities abound and freedom for all. Over time, millions around the world have found emigrating to the U.S. as the only alternative to starvation, death, or a life full of hardship and suffering. Most immigrants came, and stillRead MoreThe Disillusionment of American Dream in Great Gatsby and Tender Is the Night19485 Words   |  78 PagesJay Gatsby and Dick Diver are the representative figures of the American dream of the 20th century. Both these two men come from a family with little or no money, but they manage to attend a famous university—Oxford to raise their social positions. When the rising young men are halfway 2 to the top, they fall in love with the rich and beautiful girls from the upper class, and they win the rich girls but at last are destroyed by their wealth or their relatives. â€Å"Their real dream was that of achieving

Incarceration as a Form of Punishment - 1355 Words

Incarceration is thought of as a positive form of punishment, and negative form of punishment. The opinion varies with the type of person, and their experience from jail if they have gone. Most inmates while in prison will tell you it is a horrible place that should be gone. That would allow criminals to be free and that would let them cause harm to others or other illegal activities. Incarceration was not designed to be a paradise, it is a detention center for the bad, and meant for them to be punished. Without jails the world would be filled with even more evil, and would leave people in more danger than they already are. Incarceration is what makes those who have done bad appreciate what life has given them. â€Å"While driving through†¦show more content†¦Having that sentence can sometimes snap the person back into reality to go back to the more responsible decisions, and to focus more on what is really important. One example of this was the experience of NFL Quarterbac k Michael Vick, and his Bad Newz Kennels incident. â€Å"That’s the backdrop to the day I made the worst decision of my life; the day I stopped being a spectator of dogfighting, and instead began participating in it with vigor†(Vick 99). Vick had changed from a family man to a horrible person who was no longer worried about the important choices, but taken by greed, and brought in by the wrong friends who had him involved in dogfighting. That one friend who he had been friends with from such a young age introduced Michael Vick to his favorite activity that also brought in money. Vick being a guy who trusted him and thought highly of his friend one day decided to try it out. That was the irresponsible decision that will eventually cost him. He served a sentence of 2 years in Prison for what he was charged for. Those 2 years then changed Vick, and showed him that he no longer would follow the path of an inmate, but have the life of a family man with such a great job. Vick had decided to make the decision to appreciate his everyday life, and make the best of everything he has. He is glad to be thankful for the second chance he not only received from his family, but from the fans, and all of his teammates. Vick has done everything to try and give back to hisShow MoreRelatedIncarceration : A Common Form Of Punishment868 Words   |  4 PagesIncarceration is one of the harshest sanctions for commission of a crime available today. It has not always been a common form of punishment. Back in the ancient world in England, France and colonial America, corporal punishment, forced labor, and social banishment were far more common forms of punishment than incarceration (ADPSR 2015). This changed with the 18th Century enlightenment in France and England. This gave rise to new interpretations on liberty, human nature and time (ADPSR 2015). TheRead MoreThe Judicial Corporal System Of Islamic Criminal Justice System Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesIncarcerati on, especially in the United States, is widely known to be a massive taxpayer burden— to the tune of over $52 billion per year (CITE p414). In 2012, the annual cost per inmate in the United States was approximately $21,000 for low risk inmates, and up to $34,000 for high risk offenders (CITE p386). Additionally, incarceration places a significant financial burden on the offenders themselves, because they would lose their current jobs, and any job prospects they would have in the futureRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1661 Words   |  7 PagesPunishment vs. Rehabilitation Helen Olko October 1, 2012 Abstract The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system  is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealingRead MoreMass Incarceration And Its Effects On Families, Communities, And Society1400 Words   |  6 Pagesa problem and many refuse to believe or even acknowledge that there is one. However, the United States has paved the way to create a cycle of endless incarceration for many people but especially for those of color. Such as the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act and the lack of substance abuse treatment in prisons. Overwhelmingly, mass incarceration has had a great impact on families, communities and society as a whole. As illuminated through the parable by inmate Joe Martinez, this continued c yclingRead MoreThe United States Incarceration System1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States incarceration system is a structural foundation of punishment in which is formed by robust authoritarian power. The United States criminal justice system is not an institution to be underestimated, as it represents the highest incarceration rate of all world nations at a staggering 700 inmates per 100 thousand citizens (Krisberg, 7). Based on the social and political structure of democracy in the United States, it is argued that incarceration systems should follow the same rootsRead MoreThe Integral Role Sentencing Plays in the Criminal Justice Process904 Words   |  4 PagesThese philosophies are: Retribution- Retribution is a philosophy that a wrong doer who has freely chosen to violate society’s rules must be punished. Retribution relies on the principal of â€Å"just deserts†, this holds that the severity of the punishment hold to the severity of the crime. This philosophy is not the same as revenge because retribution is more concerned with the rules of society as a whole, rather than the individualism revenge has had on the victim or victims the offender. MostRead MoreIncarceration Policy And Crime Reduction1332 Words   |  6 Pagesreview, studies on the relationship between incarceration policy and crime reduction is yet to be clear for utilization by policymakers. In most cases, researchers agree that increased incarceration may perhaps have a positive effect on the reduction of crime rates. However, it is the scale of this action that has a limiting scope attached to it when empirical studies are carried. For instance, Stemen (2007) observes that a 10 percent incre ase in incarceration may lead to about 2 to 4 percent reductionRead MoreAmerica s Scandalous Incarceration Rate921 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica’s scandalous incarceration rate In the U.S. there has been a rise in incarcerations, the numbers today are much higher than they were 30, 40 years ago despite the fact that crime is at historic lows. So what are we to make of the leap in time typically served for crimes in America’s society? Either the justice system was too lenient in the past, or the justice system is too strict now. Have we just now realized the real gravity of murder, or are we now overreacting? Those who have servedRead MoreThe Failure Of The American Prison System940 Words   |  4 Pagesfor drug money?   The United States correctional system uses both punishment and rehabilitation when dealing with offenders. There are many ways that the justice system handles these punishments such as incarceration, probation, and sometimes death. However, punishment does not seem to work. It seems that the only way to effectively handle criminals successfully is with rehabilitation. Incarceration is the largest form of punishment in the United States. This is obvious by the number of people currentlyRead MoreCommunity Supervision of Law Violators vs. Incarceration Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity supervision of law violators can achieve similar advantages and prevent the disadvantages of incarceration. There are both advantages and disadvantages to community corrections and incarceration. I support community corrections because I believe it has more positives outcomes and less negative effects than incarceration. Community corrections have more advantages over incarceration and fewer disadvantages. Incarcerating people isn’t working that well and the biggest reason is the overcrowding

Raised Environment Shaped Person

Question: What was the environment in which you were raised? Describe your family, home, neighborhood, or community, and explain how it has shaped you as a person. Answer: I grew up in a home where resources were scarce. We were not from a very affluent background; however we had just enough to meet our needs, not luxuries. My parents came from a large family, therefore they brought us up with great family values. My parents were strict, and had very high standards of moral values. My father was a social man; he lived to serve people and loved doing it with all his heart. I believe I have inherited some of that from him. My mother on the other hand was not as social but I saw her helping people generously as I was growing up. Life was not very easy for my parents as they were growing up, they had constraints and therefore they never took resources for granted. Daddy always talked to us about not wasting food. He said there were millions of children going hungry everyday and that we were the fortunate ones to have 4 square meals. My dad would never buy us very expensive clothing or toys because he wanted us to steward money properly, he also taught us n ot to focus on material things. I was taught to cherish family and friends above gifts and material things. We were never allowed to watch a lot of television, instead were encouraged to spend quality time with our cousins. I remember dad restricting us from watching television in the morning; he was very particular about us not turning on the television when we woke up. He was a strict disciplinarian and a man of honesty. Whenever we missed school without a reason he would never write a wrong leave note for our teachers, he was particular that, if we did not have the courage to tell the truth then we should not bunk classes as well. At that time it was annoying but today as I look back, I genuinely value my fathers integrity. He has a very important role to play in who I am today. In fact both my mother and father were integral part of my childhood and as I was growing up. We were fortunate to have had some good friends at the society where we lived, so we had a lot of time to interact. That gave us the opportunity to become more social, considerate and caring towards others needs. Even though work consumed a lot of our time back then, I grew up in an environment where family ties were highly appreciated. We did picnics and spent a lot of time playing in the parks. Growing up in a world where honesty is rare, my parents upbringing has shaped me to be real and honest today. I have grown up to be content and happy with whom I am and it is all because of the environment I grew up in. As a family we are extremely caring, generous and helpful. Every Christmas we would go to our neighborhood and distribute cakes, cookies and some fresh fruits. It was a tradition that dad had started when we were young and we have been following it ever since. When I look at myself now, I see a reflection of the past in me. Today I am a confident young lady; I love people and love to help others. I go out of my way to be there for anyone who needs me, I never leave a task incomplete and I always try to keep up to my promises. I am someone who never gives up and that is an attribute I received from my father; he is a go getter! Another important thing that I learnt while I was studying in school is never to participate in anything in order to win. I was taught that winning and losing is not in our hands but to give our best is. This is something that drives me even till this day. I believe this very strongly and I still diligently follow it. I think challenge always causes us to place our focus on the wrong things and we forget other people. Therefore I focus on participating, enjoying and if I make it, its cool, if I dont, thats cool too!